The Politics of Punishment Media Framing and the Death Penalty in Crimes Against Dalits Essay Example

The Politics of Punishment: Media Framing and the Death Penalty in Crimes Against Dalits Essay The Politics of Punishment | Media Framing and the Death Penalty in Crimes Against Dalits| | Sabrina Buckwalter| | | When Ramdas Athavale, Republican Party of India (Athavale), announced that the death penalty verdict in the Khairlanji ruling (an infamous case of the rape and murder of a dalit family in 2006) was the first time such a sentence had been given in a caste crime, it was echoed by other activists, repeated by journalists and hailed as the coming of a new era in which the courts were finally acknowledging these crimes with serious punishment. The lone survivor of the massacre, Bhaiyallal Bhotmange, was pictured in newspapers with perhaps the first sign of a half smile anyone had seen from him in years, making peace signs with both his hands, surrounded by his group of supporters, all dressed in white. The significance of the ruling was the subject of editorials and became the anchor in communication about the case. The special public prosecutor in the case, Ujjwal Nikam had touted the sentencing as historic and remarked that, â€Å"This is a key judgment because it sends a very strong message that brutality, especially to low castes, will be dealt with very strictly. A supreme court judge was even overheard observing the seeming trend in capital punishment for caste atrocities. It turns out though that Khairlanji was the third case in which a crime committed against dalits was met with death penalty sentencing. No one who commented publicly on the ruling though had yet to hear of those cases perhaps because when the mass acres happened over 15 years prior, they didn’t receive the kind of media coverage the Khairlanji massacre garnered. We will write a custom essay sample on The Politics of Punishment: Media Framing and the Death Penalty in Crimes Against Dalits specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Politics of Punishment: Media Framing and the Death Penalty in Crimes Against Dalits specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Politics of Punishment: Media Framing and the Death Penalty in Crimes Against Dalits specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Less than two years later after the Khairlanji ruling, two more cases of death penalty sentencing in caste crimes were handed down, bringing the total of capital punishment cases to five. That meant that 80 percent of the death penalty sentencing in caste crimes was handed out within 17 months of each other. Most noteworthy is that those last two sentences were delivered even closer together, within just over a month of each other. Come June 15, the Indian Supreme Court’s decision on whether or not to stay the death sentence conviction in the Khairlanji case will be announced which could carry even more significance in the trend of capital punishment in caste crimes. With the historical absence of justice and punishment for crimes against dalits in India, how is it that the death penalty was a punishment never handed out in such cases just seven years ago, but today is a sentence that’s been awarded in five separate cases of caste atrocities? Through looking at another scholarly theory that argues the media framing of a particular issue shifts public opinion which in turn influences public policy and legal decisions, I make a connection to the Indian media’s recent portrayal of caste crimes and growing coverage of death sentencing to suggest an increasing support and subsequent rise in death penalty sentencing for crimes against dalits. In this paper, I will highlight the media coverage of the Khairlanji massacre and the Ranvir Sena dalit attacks in Bihar, illustrating a connection between the increased attention to caste crimes that preceded the rise of death penalty sentences. In the work done by three scholars at the University of Pennsylvania, the decreasing support for the death penalty in the U. S. is explained by media framing, specifically an â€Å"innocence frame† that has highlighted the wrongful conviction of people sentenced to death who were later found to be innocent. When various innocence projects at universities began discovering innocent people on death row, after DNA technology was proving innocence and when movies like â€Å"The Green Mile† depicted stories of innocent people sentenced to death, the media coverage of capital punishment began shifting from being portrayed as retribution for heinous crimes to it being the cause of wrongful death for innocent people. Capital punishment was ceasing to be a subject found in the context of justice-seeking and instead became an issue that appeared in the context of wrongful death. The scholars took over 50 years worth of New York Times indexed articles that mentioned capital punishment and coded each one for the level of positive or negative tone associated with the death penalty. They found a relationship between not only the frequency in coverage and public opinion but also the in the negative coded tone and public opinion. Through tracking public sentiment about capital punishment in polls, they were able to connect the declining support of the death penalty to the negative coded tones in media coverage. As the frequency increased with which the media began covering stories about death-row inmates who were falsely accused and other such stories, the public, over time, began to re-evaluate how they thought about capital punishment. â€Å"The result of this shift in framing has been a marked shift in aggregate public opinion and, even more strikingly, a dramatic decline in the willingness of juries to impose death sentences across the country. Framing drives policy making through a number of different channels, and key among these is public opinion. † For example, in stories that registered on their scale as pro-death penalty, certain key phrases would repeatedly show up, for example, â€Å"Retribution is warranted, family wants ‘justice’, certain crimes warrant this punishment. † Also, in articles where the victim was mentioned, 68 percent of them were pro-death penalty. When the defendant was mentioned, 79 percent of them were anti-death penalty. While this research highlights the causal relationship between media framing of the death penalty and its decline in public support, I believe it can also be used to highlight a similar connection between media framing of the death penalty in India and the rise in capital punishment sentencing. However, what’s important to point out is that a death penalty is rarely exercised in India. The last person to be executed was Dhananjoy Chatterjee in August of 2004 for the rape and murder of a young girl in 1990 and before that, Auto Shankar in 1995 for the death of six girls over the course of two years. Despite that incongruency, a death sentence award still carries an important message for death penalty supporters in India. The Khairlanji massacre and the role of the media In looking at one of the most notorious cases of caste atrocity in recent history, Khairlanji serves as the touchstone of dalit political uprising. If it weren’t for the media’s near month-long silence in telling the awful story of the Bhotmange family, it is fair to say that this news would have never received the sensational coverage it got. That such a massacre went undetected in the major media for month gave the story part of the shock-inducing value that drove the media interest in it after the story broke in the mainstream press on October 29, 2006. The massacre took place on September 29, 2006, in the village of Khairlanji outside of Nagpur. The Bhotmange family was one of the three lowest caste families in the village and the target of threats and intimidation by upper-caste villagers because of their land-owning status. One night, the tensions exploded and violence broke out. That evening at 6:00pm a mob had set out to the Bhotmange house in Khairlanji—they were carrying danda sticks, bicycle chains, axes and other blunt objects they could find. It is debatable whether or not the Bhotmange family would have even died that night though. The mob was looking for Surekha Bhotmange’s cousin, Siddharth Gajbhiye, a police patil, who employed a few of them at his store in town. Several weeks back before the attack on September 3, the men who worked for Siddharth, had already violently attacked him after he had failed to pay them for a month. The beating was cut short though when Surekha and her daughter Priyanka had witnessed the attack and reported it to the police. The men didn’t go to jail for several weeks, but once they did, they were released the same day—September 29—the day of the family’s attack. When they got out of jail that night, they assembled the mob ready to take revenge. They’d also heard  a rumor from local MLA Bhaskar Kawad that Siddharth’s brother had planned an attack on them, so they marched towards Siddharth’s store and when he wasn’t there, they decided to go after the Bhotmange family instead. The tension between the family and the villagers had been brewing for years by this point, even driving the family out to the edges of Khairlanji to escape the abuse. Their house stood out for its haphazardly constructed brick walls that sat stacked on top of one another without mortar to hold them together. The rest of the upper-caste homes were all made of solid, painted cement. Despite the outward appearance of such marked inequality, the Bhotmange family owned over seven acres of farm land, had a 19-year-old son who was in college working towards a degree in computer systems and a 17-year-old daughter who was one of few girls her age in school, 3rd in her class and working her way towards joining the army or police force. Such accomplishments did not go unnoticed and were repeatedly punished by other upper-caste villagers who took particular offense to Bhaiyallal’s land-owning status. In 2004, the villagers tried to claim two acres, claiming the land did not belong to him, in order to create a road. He relented, but when they demanded more land later, he refused. When Siddharth supported the family in conflicts like this it only added to the intensity of hatred the village had for this family. He would visit with them, look out for them, and it wasn’t long until rumors about an illicit affair between Surekha and Siddharth spread. Back on the night of the attack, on September 29, the mob reached the Bhotmange home where Priyanka was supposedly the first one the mob dragged out. She was stripped and raped repeatedly in the cattle shed located just 6 feet from their front door. The mob ordered her brothers to rape her and when they refused they mutilated their genitals. Surekha was stripped of her sari, left in just her petticoat and blouse. Their house was ransacked and red underwear, chili peppers and chili powder were all found scattered on the dirt floor of their house, suggesting chili peppers were used in the sexual assault of the women. Their beaten, stripped bodies were tied to bullock carts and paraded around the village till they reached the theatre in the village square. The mob of villagers standing in the audience demanded the Sarpanch to rape the women. Whether he did or not remains unknown but Priyanka’s vaginal cavity was allegedly stuffed with rods and sticks. Their bloodied bodies were eventually beaten to death and loaded back into the bullock carts and strategically thrown into various parts of the irrigation canal that skirted the village. During the attack Bhaiyallal returned home after he heard a commotion coming from the village. As he approached his home, he saw the mob but quickly retreated to Siddharth’s home for help. Upon hearing the news from Bhaiyallal, Siddharth called the police station at 7:07 pm to report the mob and seek assistance. The police inspector didn’t leave to investigate the mob report until 7:45pm and when he returned at 9:30 he had come back with little information. The next day, on September 30, Bhaiyallal went to the Andhalgaon police station to file an FIR to report his family missing, but was refused service and instead told to go look for his family again. Several hours later Priyanka’s body was found floating in the canal. As she was pulled out, a TV cameraman from local television station ETV filmed it, allegedly capturing evidence of the rods and sticks stuck inside Priyanka. There was also a photographer allegedly paid by police to take pictures as well. Priyanka’s body was then delivered to the hospital to conduct the post-mortem report. The official medical superintendent, Dr. Bante, received a phone call shortly after Priyanka’s body arrived and left the junior medical officer, Dr. Shende to carry-out the procedure. It was unusual that an urgent matter would take her away like that, but it was alleged she was lured away from the hospital by members protecting the mob who had money to pay various people to cooperate. Dr. Shende then conducted the post-mortem on Priyanka and despite being naked, failed to conduct a rape test as is customary when a body is found nude. Furthermore, he noted on the report that, â€Å"No injuries noted to the external genitals. †Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the following day, October 1, the bodies of Sudhir, Roshan and Surekha surfaced and were brought in for post-mortem reports. Though Dr. Bante had been present in the hospital that day, she again did not attend the post-mortem procedure. No genital injuries were noted in their reports either which was notable since both Sudhir and Roshan were stripped down to their underwear. That same day 28 people were booked and arrested in connection with the massacre. When the local newspapers first covered the attack, the reporting highlighted the alleged relationship between Surekha and her cousin Siddharth as the reason for the attack. In the Vidarbha Pulse, a local small town newspaper, the article outright blamed the deaths on an affair, â€Å"Four persons of a family were murdered over illicit relations at Khairlanji village near Mohadi in Bhandara district. †Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not long after the first local news reports, various fact-finding missions from dalit and activist organizations conducted investigations. The Manuski Centre based in Pune was one of the first to visit Khairlanji and also the first to publish the pictures of the dead bodies. Consequently, the pictures were costly as the photographer asked for money before releasing them. Despite such a bribe, the pictures were crucial in communicating the horror of the attack. Nicolas Jaoul, a South Asian scholar based in France, traveled to Khairlanji not long after the attack and completed some of the most thorough research that exists on the massacre. In regards to the importance of pictures he writes, â€Å"These images played a major part in the protests and became the main incentive for producing collective anger. In Bhandara, Asit Bagde, an Ambedkarite activist who was among the first to take up the issue, explained to me: ‘We were able to use the pictures to speak about the murder (†¦) the same way that the photograph affected me, I could explain it to the next brother and he could explain to the next one; this way publicity spread orally in the first ten days. In the first ten days, it was only oral, and it went like this: this happened and it happened like this, and then they were murdered in this manner. ’ The news thus spread rom activist to activist, at the pace of a rumor, creating distress and building the tension in the local Buddhist community. †   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In fact, this is also the same way in which the story came to me—through dalit activists who had come to Mumbai from Nagpur to share this story with other dalit activists in the city, who would share the story with me. I was as a journalist for The Times of India then in 2006, based ful l-time out of Mumbai. I had received a call from a friend of mine Deelip Mhaske who was an activist I had just profiled for his work in the city. He asked to set up a meeting with me at the Indian Institute of Technology-Powai to meet with the other activists who had traveled from Nagpur about a rape and murder that occurred over 700 miles away. After hearing the gruesome details of the rape and murder with clues that seemed they’d undoubtedly reveal corruption, after reading the physical copy of the Vidarbha Pulse article that summed up the murder as a result of an affair and after hearing about the years of struggle and intimidation the Bhotmanges faced in Khairlanji, I pitched it to my editor. Though the circumstances and facts that surrounded the case were markedly grisly, it was the fact that the news had remained underground for a month that hooked my editor into supporting my coverage of the story. He knew our newspaper would be the first to break the news and understood how that could be used as a platform to spark the rest of the media outlets to cover it. The next day I left for the village with Deelip and one other activist friend. The account of the massacre I’ve shared here thus far is a result of that investigation. I filed the story from Nagpur and returned home after a week in Bhandara. The article, run on Sunday, October 30, 2006, titled, â€Å"Just Another Rape Story,† harbored a taunting tone for the silence that kept this story unnoticed. It ended with a paragraph written by my editor: â€Å"Bhaiyallal’s desperate wails, unburdened to anyone who is willing to listen, now echoes in the desolation of Khairlanjis perpetual anonymity. The little media interest that had surfaced when the bodies were first fished out from a canal has now almost entirely disappeared. Apparently, this is just another crime story in India today. †   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first major outlet to pick up the story after that was NDTV the next day on October 30. After that was Tehelka on Saturday, November 4, by Shivam Vij. Four days later, the riots began. On Tuesday, November 6, 22 dalits were arrested in Kamptee, Maharashtra in connection with rioting. They threw stones, damaged police vehicles and lit them on fire. Six policemen were injured. That same morning in Nagpur, major riots began with 200 people that blocked roads and lit tires on fire. The role of fire in the Khairlanji case played an important part in drawing media attention, demanding justice and creating a spectacle that represented a rage much larger and more dangerous than a collective group of protestors could muster themselves. On Wednesday, November 7, after the fires and damage that broke out, over 18 different English-language and vernacular newspapers depicted the rioting on their front page. Later that same day more fires erupted and a curfew was installed in Nagpur. In Mumbai, protestors barged into Chief Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh’s office demanding justice and protestors outside his office staged a dharna. On Thursday, November 8th, the fires continued and were burning all over Nagpur, but protesting had spread out to other towns and cities. Television news stations began covering the chaos every day and as a response to the huge jump in media coverage, the activists planned a walk called â€Å"The Long March,† set to take place on November 12 taking them from Nagpur to Khairlanji. In the nine days since news of the massacre had finally made it to the mainstream press, Bhaiyallal received 600,000 rupees in compensation as stipulated by the Prevention of Atrocities Act, 19 more people were arrested, the case was cleared to be taken over by the Central Bureau of Investigation and the case was approved to be put on a fast-track court. In any of the other caste atrocity cases, this might have taken months or even years. When the mainstream media first picked up this story and began covering it, the activists/protestors took immediate advantage and staged rallies and protests to further engage the media. When the first day of fires were set, the media responded with a huge swell of coverage. And when the activists/protestors reacted, the fires got bigger and more widespread which drew more media coverage to the cause in general. Without all the activists and protestors who capitalized on the media attention and organized their efforts, there would be no newsworthy element to cover. And if there had been no media interested in engaging with the activists and protestors, it would very difficult to produce the type of attention Khairlanji got—the relationship was very symbiotic. Bathani Tola In the cases of the dalit massacres in Bihar by the Ranvir Sena, the numbers of dead, the brutal manner in which they were killed and the repeated frequency with which they happened, made these series of riots some of the worst in India’s history. The Ranvir Sena formed in 1994 as an upper-caste landlord militia to protect land and retaliate against Naxal violence. The Naxalites had organized and formed a coalition of two Communist Marxist-Leninist parties who, â€Å"advocated the use of violence against the upper castes in organizing Dalits to achieve land reform. It’s worth mentioning that not all lower-caste villagers in predominantly Naxalite areas were Naxalites, Narula points out. So when the Ranvir Sena would carry out attacks against dalit villagers in retaliation for Naxalite violence, many innocent people were killed. On July 11, 1996, at Bathani Tola, in Bihar, 19 dalits and Muslims, mostly women and children, were killed in an attack where 60 R anvir Sena members lit houses on fire, beat villagers with lathis, used swords and shot them. During that time the Communist Marxist-Leninist parties were organizing to demand higher wages for agricultural workers. If they didn’t receive the raise, they wouldn’t work. Therefore in an effort to intimidate and prevent a strike, they planned their attack. In the aftermath it took four years to even charge those who were guilty in the attack, with 62 accused in March 2000. However, today, it now stands as the most recent case for which the death penalty was awarded. On May 12, 2010, Judge A. K. Srivastava handed out the death penalty to three people and life sentences to 20 others. According to a news report the charges were filed under the Indian Penal Code and Arms Act and not the POA Act. It is worth pointing out because like Khairlanji in which the POA Act was not observed, this practice could have long-standing consequences for the special rights granted under the POA Act. Laxmanpur-Bathe One of the most infamous dalit massacres in history, the Laxmanpur-Bathe attack took place a year and a half later after the Bathani-Tola massacre on December 1, 1997. Sixty-one dalits were killed over the supposed demand for more equitable land distribution in the village. Sixteen children, 27 women and 18 men were killed and at least five girls were raped before being shot and killed. In Smita Narula’s book, â€Å"Broken People: Caste Violence Against India’s ‘Untouchables’,† she describes the Human Rights Watch visit with survivors of the attack—accounts that are very rare to read. In the case of the rapes that took place, one witness, Surajmani Devi, tells them: â€Å"Everyone was shot in the chest. I also saw that the panties were torn. One girl was Prabha. She was fifteen years old. She was supposed to go to her husband’s house two to three days later. They also cut her breast and shot her in the chest. Another was Manmatiya, also fifteen. They raped her and cut off her breast. The girls were all naked, and their panties were ripped. They also shot them in the vagina. There were five girls in all. All five were raped. All were fifteen or younger. All their breasts were cut off. † Part of the strategy of the Ranvir Sena was intimidation by way of sexually assaulting the women and killing children. In media reports and in Narula’s account, Sena members were quoted as saying, â€Å"We kill children because they will grow up to become Naxalites. We kill women because they will give birth to Naxalites. † In this case, the police were compliant in the violence because of their refusal to act on tips of impending violence. The Ranvir Sena had openly been touring the surrounding area of the village to fundraise for their attack. The police knew about their planning meetings, but did nothing about them because according to one officer, â€Å"It’s like crying wolf. The Communist Party of India (M-L) keeps sending us complaint letters every week; we can’t take action every time. Throughout the course of its existence, the Ranvir Sena has committed over 40 separate attacks against dalits, CPI (M-L) members, Muslims and other groups killing hundreds of people. They had approximately 400 troops and were financed by wealthy landowners. In 2000, each member of the militia was paid between 1,100 and 1,200 rupees per month for their work in the attacks. Each member was also insured. If they died during a massacre, the ir family would receive 100,000 rupees. In both the Bathani-Tola and Laxmanpur-Bathe massacres, media coverage did not match that of the Khairlanji massacre though the death toll was much higher. Various media reports and fact-finding missions covered the atrocities, but for various reasons it did not spark the same kind of interest and similar protests demanding justice that occurred in Khairlanji. However, it was just 17 months after the Khairlanji death penalty sentencing that this case became the next caste crime where the death penalty would be handed out. On April 7, 2010, 16 persons were sentenced to death by a court in Patna, Bihar, while 10 others got a life sentence. Those not sentenced to die were also ordered to pay a 50,000 rupee fine. Media framing and the death penalty in India While resistance to the death penalty is documented in Hindu texts as early as the Mahabharata, and despite the fact that several Hindu rulers refrained from imposing it, it was used by many. In some references capital punishment was supported as the fourth kind of punishment allowed to be inflicted, behind bodily punishment, punishment by fine and punishment by words. Today, the death penalty is a buzzword in caste atrocity crimes, routinely called for as a means for retributive justice in cases where dalits have been murdered at the hands of upper-caste mobs. While I do not possess the resources to carry out the review and coding of all the articles in a newspaper like The Hindu, or something comparable, to provide evidence for the connection between a pro-death penalty tone and the rise in capital punishment sentencing, I can point to the increased attention given in covering atrocity cases as highlighted by the Khairlanji case study, in addition to providing recent media examples in which capital punishment has a observable pro-death penalty tone as defined by Baumgartner. In the Laxmanpur-Bathe atrocity case, one of the prosecution lawyers was quoted as saying, â€Å"As Laxmanpur-Bathe was one of the biggest carnages, the court took strong view of the killing of the Dalits in a brutal manner and sentenced 16 people to death treating it as the rarest of rare case. † That it’s mentioned that the court took a strong view of the killing in light of the sentence can be seen as providing a justification for a pro-death stance. Former Union Minister of Law Arun Jaitly has made very clear statements that suggest a possible pro-death opinion: â€Å"The low rate of conviction leads us to the conclusion that crime in India is a very high profit and a low risk proposition. You commit a heinous crime and there is a 93. 5 percent possibility that you will get away with it. He made the comments in the context of communal and caste riots that fail to receive any convictions or trials. Kiran Bedi, the social activist and former Indian Police Service officer, uses justice and the death penalty in the same sentence, casting no doubt about her pro-death opinion, â€Å"The death penalty is necessary in certain cases to do justice to societys anger against the crime. In an op-ed piece in The Hindu, explaining the complexity of the Khairlanji death sentencing, Navanaya publisher S. Anand mentions the death penalty as an unfortunate form of justice for some people, â€Å"Given such pervasive apathy and hopelessness, the death penalty in the Khairlanji case, even when the judgment jettisons caste as a ground for the crime, deludes people into thinking that there is some justice, at last. And in the most recent death sentencing case (although outside the realm of caste violence), the trial of Ajmal Amir Kasab, the lone survivor in the 26/11 terrorist attack, the judge openly claims there is no other solution than capital punishment, stating, â€Å"In the courts opinion, Kasab has no chance to reform. Keeping such a terrorist alive will be a lingering danger to the society and the Indian government. So while a thorough examination of decades of Indian media and its framing of capital punishment cannot be undertaken here, it has been my intention to highlight the media’s ability to shift how not only how caste crimes are regarded, (as was demonstrated by the lack of coverage and slow justice in the Ranvir Sena cases compared to the robust media coverage and speedy justice in the Khairlanji case) but how the increased attention on it and subsequent rise in death penalty sentencing will only contribute to an even greater rise of capital punishment in crimes agains t dalits. As I do not want to advocate for the death penalty per say, I have tried to illustrate the difference and inequality between a death sentence and an actual execution by showing the disparity between actual executions and death penalty sentences. As I mentioned, though a death sentence usually never means a person will be hanged to death, it still carries a strong message for those who support it for retributive justice.

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International Business - Essay Example In the year 2008, more than 1 million people acquired certification in IELTS (IELTS Press Release, 2008). Every year, more than 2 million people hailing from nearly 135 countries appear for IELTS (IELTS Press Release, 2008). Amongst them, a vast number of candidates happen to be from India. With the opening up of economy and the onset of globalization, every year a vast number of Indian citizens, aspiring to study or immigrate abroad, appear for IELTS (McDaniel, 2004). Considering the fact that a majority of these candidates give great importance to this test, owing to its pivotal role in the achievement of their career goals, setting up a chain of IELTS coaching centers in India stands to be a very positive business proposition. A majority of the employees recruited for this venture will be Indians. This is because they are apt to possess the local cultural competencies, which will go well with the Indian customers. Hence, awareness of cultural dimensions and characteristics will play a pivotal role in the chalking out of an effective business strategy in India. However, as IELTS is a test with an international appeal, care will be taken to introduce at least one native English speaking teacher at each center. The planning and administration will be such as to show sensitivity for the cultural norms and values of the Indian employees and customers. Specific effort will be made to make decisions guided by the insights gained into the values and attitudes of Indian employees. Locations: Due to strategic reasons, the first five coaching centers will be started at New Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Chandigarh. The reason is that these cities stand to be urban and economic hubs in India. The employees here will be more likely to be open to cultural convergence. The value system of administrators and employees recruited from these places are more probable to be in consonance with global values and norms. They will be more willing to customize their

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Articles Summary - Essay Example The chapter, however, argues that these traditional distinctions do not properly investigate international migration. Instead, the chapter indicates that international migration should be investigated comprehensively, involving the impact that the migratory patterns have on both the host country and the country the person came from. The chapter then goes on to examine economic theories of migration. The first theory examined is the neoclassical theory. The text argues that neoclassical theory positions migration as occurring because of push and pull factors. Namely, economic conditions push some people out of their regional areas and pull them to different geographical areas. A notable aspect of this theory is that it assumes that people maximize all available opportunities presented to them. One considers that this may be an overly idealistic portrayal of the motivation behind international migration movements. Another theory examined is dual labor market theory. This theory expands some of the neoclassical elements by including the importance of race and gender in motivating migration. The third approach is the new economics of labor migration model. This perspective argues that rather than rooting migration behavior in a single individual, migration must be examined in terms of larger social units; specifica lly, these social units involve families, households, and communities. These varying theories of migration are recognized as significant because they influence a variety of policy decisions that are regarding immigration. Adding to this complexity is the recognition that these varying economic theories may operate at identifying different levels of immigration. This complexity leads the chapter to consider that rather than imagining a singular type of migration, it may be more productive to consider a large array of migrations. As a means

Drinks That Cause Tooth Decay Health Essay

Drinks That Cause Tooth Decay Health Essay The content in the drinks that causes tooth decay is the acidic content in our food and beverages. In general, drinks with a pH below 5.0 5.7 have been known to trigger dental erosion. Previous scientific research findings have helped to warn consumers that the pH level in beverages could lead to tooth erosion, the breakdown of tooth structure caused by the acid and leads to tooth decay. The acidity level in popular beverages that we consume everyday contributes to the erosion of enamel. Dental erosion is the irreversible loss of a tooth due to chemical dissolution by acids not of bacterial origin. There is generally widespread ignorance of the damaging effects of acid erosion; this is particularly the case with erosion due to fruit juices, because they tend to be seen as healthy. Erosion is found initially in the enamel and if unchecked, may proceed to the underlying structure of a tooth. Numerous clinical and laboratory reports link erosion to excessive consumption of drinks, frui t juices such as orange juice (which contain citric acid) and carbonated drinks (citric and phosphoric acid). This essay examines scientific research of the issue to determine if, in fact, acidic drinks do cause tooth decay. As part of my research, I conducted my own experiment, using human teeth and different types of drinks. After considering the results I obtained, as well as other research, I conclude that acid contain in the drinks is the cause of tooth decay. The acid content will slowly dissolve the enamel of the teeth. It dissolves the calcium molecules from the teeth surface, thus the teeth will erode. This essay will examine the validity of acid content in the drinks as the real culprit to tooth decay, evaluate the extend of the damage and recommendations for proper tooth care. Introduction Tooth decay is the loss of enamel from the tooth surface. When sugary drinks are consumed by bacteria in the mouth, it turns the sugar into acids. These acids corrode the enamel of the teeth, which leads to cavities. Dental erosion is the irreversible loss of a tooth to chemical dissolution by acids not of bacteria origin. Tooth decay is the most common chronic disease for children aged 5 17 although it is only recently that it is recognized as a dental health problem. There is generally widespread ignorance of the damaging effects of acid erosion, this particularly due to fruit juices, because they are perceived to be healthy. Erosion is initially found in the enamel and if left unchecked, may proceed to the underlying structure of a tooth. Numerous clinical and laboratory reports linked erosion to excessive consumption of sweet drinks, carbonated drinks and fruit juices. Previous scientific research findings have help to warn consumers that the pH (potential of hydrogen) level bel ow pH 5.0 5.7 may initiate dental erosion. The consumption behaviour plays a major role in oral health. However, public awareness on dental erosion is not high. Sources of acids can be endogenous or exogenous, and erosive intensity is modified by quality and quantity of saliva. Acidic beverages are the most common extrinsic factors that cause dental erosion (tooth decay). Because of these identified factors, I am interested to do this research to clear my curiosity. Basically this experiment is done to support my hypothesis. The experiment consists of gathering extracted human teeth of various shapes and sizes, disinfection and the submission in the selected beverages. Duration of 5 months is needed to complete the whole experiment. With the findings, I will be convinced and able to convince that acidic beverages cause tooth decay. Review of Literature Lemon Juice The juice extracted from fresh lemon is used as refreshing beverage. People go for lemon juice because they are able to cool down our body temperature. This is why when people are sick, they are advised to drink more citric juices so that the body system can be cooled down and recover the patients. Besides that, lemon juice also has high content of Vitamin C which is essential to our body immune system. 2.2 Coke Coke is a very famous carbonated drink. Despite the fizzy feeling and sweet tasting of the drink, it is actually one of the main contributors to tooth decay. Coke is a very sweet beverage making it able to promote the growth of oral bacteria, which is known as Streptococcus mutan  [1]  as the sugar contained in coke can feed the bacteria. Coke contains phosphoric acid and has the ability to corrode the tooth enamel. Plus, coke can stain the teeth and forms caries on the surface of the teeth  [2]  . 2.3 Coffee Coffee causes calcium loss in our bone mass, which leads to the excretion of calcium from our bones, doesnt matter which part of our body it is. This causes the thinning of the teeth which in turn, causes the teeth to become weak and is vulnerable to corrosion or break. Furthermore, coffee is also mostly acidic, which also causes tooth erosion, then leads to tooth decay  [3]  . 2.4 Energy Drink Energy drinks can also cause tooth decay. The pH level of the drink can lead to tooth erosion and hypersensitivity. It causes the breakdown of the tooth structure. In energy drinks, it is not the acidity of the drink that cause tooth erosion, but it is the buffering capacity of the drink that corrodes the tooth. Buffering capacity is the ability to neutralize acid  [4]  . Energy drinks have high buffering capacity, making them to have the strongest potential to cause tooth erosion. 2.5 Sugar Solution Sugar is scientifically known as sucrose, a sweet tasting organic compound, derived from glucose and fructose. Streptococcus mutans which live in our oral cavity will react with the sugar and form lactic acid which will also causes tooth erosion. Sucrose will be converted into dextran which favors the bacteria to be attracted to the teeth. Dextran is the food for the oral bacteria and lactic acid is their waste product  [5]  . Therefore, those bacteria will just stick to the teeth. This will make it difficult to remove those bacteria  [6]  . 2.6 Tap Water Tap water will not cause tooth decay as it does not have any effects on our teeth. Tap water is fluoride-enhanced, and it serves the purpose of making the teeth stronger and protects the teeth, making it an important teeth-protecting agent. Therefore, tap water will not stand the possibility of causing tooth decay. 2.7 Tooth Anatomy As the function of the teeth is to bite and chew food, hence, they are the first step in the digestion of food. The long, sharp canine teeth tear up food. The wide, flat molars grind and mash up food. Teeth also help us say certain sounds. Human have two sets of teeth in their lives, the primary teeth (also called the baby, milk or deciduous teeth) and the permanent teeth. Children have 20 primary teeth; they are replaced by the permanent teeth by about age 13. Adult have 32 permanent teeth. 7 Diagram of a tooth anatomy 3.0 Hypothesis Acid in drinks is the cause of tooth decay. Acidic drinks such as orange juice and lemon juice, the acid content will slowly dissolve the calcium in the teeth, corroding the enamel. The process starts from the surface of the teeth, towards the inner structure of the teeth. Method Development Planning In order to carry out this research successfully, materials have been carefully chosen to give a more promising and accurate result. Materials were carefully studied through several researches and readings from various useful sources. For my research, I have studied and researched on drinks such as lemon juice, coke, coffee, energy drink (100-Plus), sugar solution and tap water. The choice of tap water in my experiment is because of the neutral pH and fluoride enhancement. I have been studying about the compositions of the drinks and how they actually contributed to tooth decay. This experiment was carried out in the Health Laboratory of a Government Health Clinic in Sibu. All the research work was done during each of my college holidays. I was fortunate because I was consented to use the apparatus like digital weighing scale, microscope and more. All the extracted human teeth were supplied by the dental clinic with consent granted by the dental officer. I was also being taught the proper way of disinfecting the teeth with a proper disinfectant by the health staff in the laboratory. The main reason I chose to do my experiment here is because of the proper equipment available. Besides, I can also handle the teeth in a correct way to prevent myself from the bacteria. During the planning stage, Ive done a thorough research in choosing the appropriate drinks to be tested in my experiment. I chose only those drinks is because they are some of the popular drinks and are consumed the most nowadays. Besides that, these drinks are easily available in the market, regardless whether it is in the urban or rural area. And since I am studying of the effects of these drinks on human, so children can be a good subject for me because these drinks are mostly consumed by children. These drinks are also very affordable, so there wont be any financial problem in carrying out this experiment. As for the teeth, various types of teeth were used in this experiment. However, no specific tooth is being used due to the unavailability. These teeth range from Incisors, Canine, premolar to molar. Tooth that is with minimal erosion noted is selected for this experiment as no perfect human tooth is being extracted and readily available for such an experiment. 30 human teeth are used in this experiment. Only 30 teeth are used because it is quite difficult to get human teeth as human teeth are really dirty and dentists usually dispose them off immediately due to hygienic reason. Besides that, as for the solutions, 200ml of each solution is used. The same amount of solutions are also used each and everytime when I change the solutions in each beaker, once a week. This experiment takes approximately 5 months in order to obtain a more significant and accurate result. Initially the duration of the experiment was only 10 weeks as planned; however no significant change can be seen. Therefore, the duration of the experiment was extended to 5 months instead because the teeth required a longer period of time to witness a significant change in the structure of every tooth. The experiment was carried out at room temperature, which is approximately at. This is because oral bacteria can function well at such temperature, which may contribute to a more accurate result. The experiment was done, with permission, for using the equipment at a Clinic laboratory of a Healthcare facility in Sibu. All the extracted teeth for this study were taken from the Dental Clinic of that facility with each tooth weighs between 0.510 gram and 2.280 gram depending on various types of teeth (molar, premolar, canine and incisor) extracted and the weight of these extracted teeth. After being thoroughly washed and disinfected (to prevent any possible infections during the process of this experiment), specimens (extracted teeth) were alternately immersed, 5s, in each different types of drinks place in a labelled beaker ranging from A to F as follows: Beaker A Lemon juice Beaker B Coke Beaker C Coffee Beaker D 100 Plus Beaker E Sugar Solution Beaker F Tap Water This study was done for duration of 5 months. This is to enable me to note significant changes. This is necessary in order for me to chart and document accurately the gradually changes to these teeth. A shorter duration will not show any significant changes which could be documented. The first reading will only be done after 1 month post immersion in each of the marked beaker filled with the experimented drinks. These readings include the documentation of the colour, contour (mass) and the weight of each tooth after which at the end of my study I would be able to determine which of the 6 beakers show significant changes in the tooth mass. The inspection of each beaker will be done monthly for the next subsequent 5 months. Beaker A (lemon juice) Beaker B (Coke) Beaker C (coffee) Beaker D (100 Plus) Beaker E (sugar water) Beaker F (tap water) In the meantime, a clean 200ml beaker was used to measure 200ml of lemon juice and the beaker is labelled accordingly. The pH of each drink is being measured to determine their acidity level. pH Chart from the journal of dental hygiene is being used as a guideline for my experiment. The diagram below show the various pH levels of frequently consumed foods and drinks below pH 5.0 5.7 which may initiate dental erosion. This step was repeated to measure out the same amount (200ml) of Coke, coffee, 100 Plus, sugar water and tap water. In the experiment, tap water acts as a control. After that, 30 teeth of almost the same size were cleaned and disinfected thoroughly with antiseptic disinfectant. The teeth must be clean and are without plague in order to detect new changes to the mass and contour of the teeth. Then, the teeth were dried with a hair dryer to ascertain that the teeth are totally dry and no residual water detected. This is done to make sure that the result will not be temper ed. The initial mass of each tooth was also weighted and the measurements were recorded. After the measuring processes, each of the teeth was immersed into their respective beakers ranging from beaker A to beaker F, 5 teeth per solution per beaker due to the limited amount of human teeth available. Those teeth must be immersed completely in their respective solution. After that, those 6 beakers were left in the laboratory under standard room temperature and humidity. After a month, every tooth in the 6 beakers was individually checked and the changes which had taken place on the surface of the teeth were observed and documented with each of the tooth mass measured. Then these teeth are re-immersed with fresh drinks (to ensure the potency of these drinks does not decline) for the subsequent month documentation. This process will be carried out at a monthly interval with fresh solution to detect any changes occurring to the mass and contour of the teeth, be it acute or gradual. At the end of the experiment which lasted for 5 months, the teeth were removed from each of the solutions and they were cleaned. After cleaning process, the teeth were dried using a hair dryer until each of them was totally dry. The final mass of each tooth was weighted and all the measurements were recorded as shown in the table below. At last, the data collected, which is the final mass (quantitative data) and the observation on the teeth (qualitative data) were tabulated for analysis. 8 Diagram of the pH level of frequently consumed food and drinks below pH 5.0-5.7 may initiate dental erosion. 5.0 Materials and Procedure 5.1 Materials Materials Quantity Extracted tooth 30 Lemon juice 200ml Coke 200ml Coffee 200ml 100 Plus 200ml Sugar solution 200ml Tap Water 200ml 5.2 Apparatus Apparatus Quantity 200ml beaker 6 Forceps 1 Electronic balance 1 Magnifying glass 1 Hair dryer 1 Microscope 1 5.3 Variables Variables Independent variable Different types of drinks (lemon juice, coke, coffee, 100 plus, sugar water, tap water) Dependent variable Condition of the teeth Constant variable Volume of drinks used Type of teeth used Temperature of the drinks Duration of the experiment Number of teeth used 5.4 Methodology Prepare 6 clean and empty beakers. Label all the 6 beakers with alphabets, ranging from A to F. Beaker A Lemon juice Beaker B Coke Beaker C Coffee Beaker D 100 Plus Beaker E Sugar solution Beaker F Distilled water In the mean time, use a clean 200ml beaker, measure 200ml of lemon juice. Repeat step (3) with coke, coffee, 100 Plus, sugar water and distilled water. The distilled water acts as the control experiment. Then, clean 30 teeth of the same size thoroughly. Make sure that there is no plaque on them. Dry the teeth with a hair dryer. Weight the initial mass of the teeth. Record the measurements. Immerse the each of the teeth into respective beakers. Label the teeth with numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for easy recognition. Make sure that the tooth is completely immersed in their respective solution. Leave the 6 beakers in the laboratory with a standard surrounding temperature. After 24 hours, check on the tooth in the 6 beakers and observe the changes which are taken place on the surface of the teeth. Remove the teeth from the solutions and clean them. Dry the teeth with a hair dryer and make sure that they are totally dry. Weight the final mass of the teeth. Record the measurement. Tabulate the data. Data Collection 6.1 Quantitative Data Drinks pH Value Lemon Juice 2.10 Coke 2.30 Coffee 4.95 100 Plus 3.78 Sugar Solution 7.00 Tap Water 7.00 The table shows the pH level of each drink for this study. Type of Drinks pH Value () Month Mass of Teeth/mg () Tooth 1 Tooth 2 Tooth 3 Tooth 4 Tooth 5 Lemon Juice 2.10 1 2.37 2.68 1.80 2.22 1.05 2 2.37 2.67 1.79 2.21 1.04 3 2.35 2.65 1.78 2.20 1.03 4 2.33 2.63 1.75 2.18 1.01 5 2.29 2.60 1.72 2.14 0.98 Coke 2.30 1 1.82 2.33 2.06 1.80 2.46 2 1.81 2.32 2.06 1.80 2.44 3 1.79 2.30 2.04 1.78 2.43 4 1.75 2.28 2.01 1.76 2.41 5 1.75 2.26 1.98 1.74 2.39 Coffee 4.95 1 1.55 1.74 2.34 2.26 1.37 2 1.55 1.73 2.33 2.26 1.36 3 1.54 1.73 2.32 2.25 1.36 4 1.52 1.71 2.31 2.25 1.35 5 1.50 1.69 2.29 2.24 1.33 100 Plus 3.78 1 2.67 2.64 2.75 1.30 2.14 2 2.66 2.63 2.75 1.30 2.12 3 2.64 2.61 2.73 1.28 2.10 4 2.62 2.60 2.71 1.25 2.08 5 2.60 2.58 2.69 1.23 2.06 Sugar Solution 7.00 1 1.37 1.46 2.06 1.47 2.33 2 1.37 1.45 2.04 1.46 2.32 3 1.35 1.45 2.03 1.44 2.30 4 1.34 1.44 2.01 1.43 2.29 5 1.33 1.43 2.00 1.42 2.28 Tap Water 7.00 1 2.65 2.43 2.86 1.43 2.63 2 2.65 2.43 2.86 1.43 2.63 3 2.65 2.43 2.86 1.43 2.62 4 2.64 2.43 2.85 1.43 2.62 5 2.63 2.42 2.84 1.43 2.61 The table shows the mass of the teeth throughout the experiment. 6.2 Qualitative Data Type of Drinks Month Colour Contour Mass Lemon Juice 1 No change No change No change 2 No change No change Slight decrease 3 Yellowish Microscopic flaking and softening of enamel Slight decrease 4 Yellowish brown Erosion noted Significant decrease 5 Brown Erosion noted Consistent decrease Coke 1 No change No change No change 2 No change No change Slight decrease 3 Yellowish No change Slight decrease 4 Yellowish brown Erosion noted Significant decrease 5 Brown Erosion noted Consistent decrease Coffee 1 No change No change No change 2 Yellowish No change Slight decrease 3 Yellowish brown Microscopic flaking and softening of enamel Slight decrease 4 Brown Erosion noted Significant decrease 5 Brown Erosion noted Consistent decrease 100 Plus 1 No change No change No change 2 No change No change Slight decrease 3 Yellowish Microscopic flaking and softening of enamel Slight decrease 4 Yellowish Erosion noted Significant decrease 5 Yellowish brown Erosion noted Consistent decrease Sugar Solution 1 No change No change No change 2 No change No change No change 3 Yellowish No change Slight decrease 4 Yellowish brown Erosion noted Significant decrease 5 Yellowish brown Erosion noted Consistent decrease Tap Water 1 No change No change No change 2 No change No change No change 3 No change No change Slight decrease 4 No change No change Slight decrease 5 Yellowish No change Slight decrease The table shows the observations obtained throughout the experiment. 7.0 Data Processing Analysis 7.1 Data Processing 7.1.1 Calculation for the difference in mass of the teeth. Formula: Difference in mass =Mass in month 1- Mass in month 5 Example, The 5th month (lemon juice), tooth 1: Difference = = *Same calculation applied to others. Type of Drinks Difference in mass/mg () Tooth 1 Tooth 2 Tooth 3 Tooth 4 Tooth 5 Lemon Juice 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 Coke 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.07 Coffee 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.04 100 Plus 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.08 Sugar solution 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.05 Tap water 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.02 The table shows the difference in mass of each tooth throughout the 5 months for each drink. 7.1.2 Calculation for the uncertainties of difference in mass Formula: Uncertainty of the initial mass + uncertainty of the final mass Example, Therefore, difference in mass for tooth 1 in lemon juice: Difference = *Same calculation applied to others. 7.1.3 Calculation for the average difference. Formula: Example, For lemon juice: *Same calculation applied to others. Type of Drinks Average difference in mass/mg Lemon juice 0.08 Coke 0.07 Coffee 0.05 100 Plus 0.07 Sugar solution 0.05 Tap water 0.01 The table shows the average difference in mass of the teeth in each drink. 7.1.4 Calculations for the Standard deviation of the average difference in mass. Due to the complexity of the calculation, the standard deviation is calculated by using the Graphic Display Calculator (GDC). Steps: Press the STAT button. Press the ENTER button. List the data (the average difference in mass of the 5 teeth per solution) in one of the column. Press the STAT button. Press > button so that the CALC image on the screen is highlighted. Press the ENTER button. Beside the 1 Var Stats words on the screen, type the 2ND button and the name of the column that contains the data (name of the column used in step 3). Press the ENTER button. The standard deviation is equal to. The above steps are repeated to calculate the standard deviation for the teeth in the rest of the drinks. Example, For lemon juice, Key in the difference in mass of the 5 teeth in the 1st column. Based on the steps above, the GDC automatically calculated the standard deviation, which is,. *Same calculation applied to others. Type of Drinks Average Difference in Mass/mgStandard Deviation Lemon juice 0.080.004 Coke 0.070.007 Coffee 0.050.007 100 Plus 0.070.008 Sugar Solution 0.050.011 Tap water 0.010.009 The table shows the average difference in mass of the teeth with the standard deviation. 7.1.5 Calculation of the rate of reaction between the teeth and the drinks. Formula: Calculations: Lemon Juice Rate of Reaction = = Coke Rate of Reaction = = Coffee Rate of Reaction = = 100 Plus Rate of Reaction = = Sugar Solution Rate of Reaction = = Tap Water Rate of Reaction = = 7.1.6 Calculation for the standard error of the rate of reaction. Formula: Where, = uncertainty of the mass = rate of reaction Example: Lemon juice Coke Coffee 100 Plus Sugar Solution Tap Water Type of Drinks pH Value Duration of Experiment/ months Average Difference in Mass/ mg Rate of Reaction/ mg/day Lemon juice 2.10 5 0.080.004 Coke 2.30 5 0.070.007 Coffee 4.95 5 0.050.007 100 Plus 3.78 5 0.070.008 Sugar solution 7.00 5 0.050.011 Tap water 7.00 5 0.010.009 The table shows the summary of the calculations in the experiment. 7.2 Data Presentation 7.3 Statistical Analysis 7.3.1 T-test lemon juice and sugar solution. 1st Month: t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means Variable 1 Variable 2 Mean 2.024 1.738 Variance 0.39683 0.18467 Observations 5 5 Pearson Correlation -0.933627334 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0.286 df 4 t Stat 2.38114E-16 P(T 0.5 t Critical one-tail 2.131846786 P(T 1 t Critical two-tail 2.776445105 To do a T-test, I came up with two hypotheses, which are as followed: The difference between the average mass of the teeth in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 1st month is not significant. The difference between the average mass of the teeth in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 1st month is significant. From the result of T-test generated by Microsoft Excel 2010, the value of is and the value of is. Thus, . Therefore, is accepted and is rejected. This means that from the T-test, the difference between the average mass of the teeth in lemon juice and sugar solution for the 1st month is not significant. This is because all the teeth used in this experiment have an average mass initially. 7.3.2 T-test between lemon juice and sugar solution 2nd Month: t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means Variable 1 Variable 2 Mean 2.016 1.728 Variance 0.39858 0.18127 Observations 5 5 Pearson Correlation -0.938299713 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0.288 df 4

Writing For Design :: Personal Narrative Papers

Writing For Design I was born in Salem, Oregon, which is a fantastic place to leave. It’s one of those places that people appreciate more not having ever been there. They may have some vague idea that it’s the capital of the most underrated state in the country, but they are astonished that people actually come from it. Well, we do. Not a lot of writers, though. I think this is the case because to be a writer you can stay where you are, and that contradicts the basic drive of everyone born in Salem. However, before I left, I wrote things for me to say. You see, I shy away from the term â€Å"perform† because, in actuality, it was just me talking for the sake of talking. Which is why my first calling was acting. The first thing I ever wrote was a play about Zorro, with whom I was in the throes of a passionate love affair. It was legitimate, we had been secretly married, after all, but we could not be public about it because of his persona as a romantic super hero. It would have been devastating to his following, you understand. Like a Backstreet Boy. I talked the story out to my babysitter and she transcribed it for me. Every line was mine, every plot twist was mine, including the show stopper where Zorro discovers that the masked man stealing the pies off the window sill is in fact – shock – the obese sheriff. A little bit Scooby Doo, a little bit Bernstein Bears and Brother’s Problem With Kleptomania. I wish I could say that I had some cool Hawking-esque paralysis that prevented me from writing it myself, but the truth is I just couldn’t write. I was three and a half. Later, after my parents seemed utterly bored with Zorro and the Missing Pies after only three hundred performances, I began writing on my own. What, one might ask? Well, I am an only child†¦ I invented siblings. There were four of them: two older, two younger, two boys, two girls. With me in the middle. I like balance and symmetry. We were like the Box Car Child ren or those orphans in Homecoming, but with really cool, undead parents. In addition to my chronicle-writing duties, I had to take care of these characters I had created. I made them soup when they were sick.

Ten Little Indians

Fritz Perls once said â€Å"I am not in this world to live up to other people's expectations, nor do I feel that the world must live up to mine. † In the short story The Search Engine, by Sherman Alexie, the Native American culture is trying to live up to the expectations of the white world. The main character Corliss, a Spokane Indian, is expected to do well in college so she can move back to the reservation to help her tribe. There is also a cultural difference between our world and that of the Spokane when it comes to the roles of gender.Corliss is a very bright individual who has plans beyond the Spokane reservation. When Corliss was younger she was ridiculed for her love of reading. Even though her passion for reading is part of the reason she was able to attend college, the men in her tribe still disagree with reading about nineteenth century white people. Despite the disagreements they are all very proud that she is pursuing a higher education. Corliss’s parents boast about how Corliss will one day come back to fix everything that is wrong with the tribe.In reality they are ignorant to Corliss’s real dreams and ambitions. Gender roles can be defined as the behaviors and attitudes expected of male and female members of a society by that society. In the Spokane tribe the women made more money and held better jobs than the men. In our society, even with more equality for women today, men earn a substantial amount more than women do. For the Spokane men to just sit around and brag about their spouses’ accomplishments seems unreal to our culture.Native American culture is very different from that of American culture. Rather than the Spokane tribesmen trying to better the tribe themselves, they are counting on Corliss to graduate law school and fix the problems of the tribe. The men of the tribe are not fully applying themselves to employment, the tribe, or each other. The values, goals, and practices of the Spokane tribe make their culture foreign to the average American.

Emma Watson and bell hooks Discuss Feminism

Emma Watson and bell hooks Discuss Feminism If you imagine who British actor Emma Watson is hanging out with on any given day, feminist icon bell hooks probably doesnt come to mine. But it turns out that Watson, the UN Women Goodwill Ambassador, and hooks, a leading feminist theorist and cultural critic, have mutual girl crushes on each other. Watson began reading hookss work after her appointment to the UN, and hooks is a fan of Emmas for her portrayal of Hermione Granger in the  Harry Potter  film series. Paper Magazine got them together to talk about their crushes and the essence of thema shared passion for feminism. These are the most insightful and inspiring takeaways from it. The Struggle to be Cool Watson and hooks reflected on how girls and women often struggle to actualize their authentic, empowered selves because of internalized expectations of who we are supposed to be and how we are supposed to act. Watson recounted how when she first began playing Hermione Granger, she felt pressure to distance herself from the character while giving interviews out of a fear that it was not cool for girls to behave like Hermione. She remembers asking herself, What do young girls talk about? What do they say?, and coming up with, I like going shopping and I have a crush on Brad Pitt, even though what she really liked at that time was school, and had no idea who Brad Pitt was.   This story resonated with hooks as an example of how girls go through periods of trying on acceptable images of femininity, which serves to illustrate that as a society, we need to broaden and diversify those acceptable images so that girls and women can feel comfortable being who they really are. The Importance of Self-Love and Not Trying to Please Everybody When hooks asked Watson what power means to her in the context of feminism, Watson explained that what has been most empowering for her as she has studied feminism through reading is how it has enabled her to let go of self-criticism, and instead, to practice self-love. hooks added that, especially in the digital age, when people can so easily take your words and actions out of context and vilify you for them, it is important for women and girls to get over any kind of attachment to perfectionism, or to being liked by everybody all the time, or understood by everybody all the time. Girls and women, far more than boys and men, are socialized to please others, and it is truly hard to shake off this expectation, but the truth is, it is not our job to make everyone happy and like us. And this is truly a liberating realization. Feminists Can Be and Are Fun and Funny! Both Watson and hooks acknowledge that feminism gets a bad rap because of stereotypes of feminists as humorless killjoys, and this is a serious problem for the movement. In contrast, Watson explained that part of what she loves about hooks is how funny she is when she speaks about feminism. hooks then pointed out, Humor is essential to working with difficult subjects: race, gender, class, sexuality. If you cant laugh at yourself and be with others in laughter, you really cannot create meaningful social change. Feminists Must Be Allowed to Be Whole, Complex, and Balanced People Related to the fact that feminists can be and are funny,  hooks discussed the larger problem of women not being represented as whole and complex people as they age. Instead, in popular culture and in the popular imaginary, they lose their sexuality, their empowerment, and the essence of what makes them cool- something that hooks fears happened to Hermione in the film version of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. hooks admitted that as she has aged, she has felt constrained by expectations that she must be the activist version of herself at all times, but that there is more to who she is than the person who fights racism and sexism. She explained that she is genuinely interested in fashion and beauty too, and she counseled Watson to keep fun and leisure in her new life of activism, saying, Everyone needs to have a balanced life. Being balanced is crucial, because it helps us not to over-extend or to try to live up to other peoples expectations in ways that leave you feeling empty . Feminism is Listening and Learning hooks applauded Watson for working hard to learn about feminism and issues that affect women and girls by reading widely and by engaging broadly with a diverse group of people. Watson said of taking a year off from acting, I want to do a lot of listening, which is an important aspect of the feminist worldview and practice: listening to others and learning from them. We Must Bravely Breach Boundaries The meetings- theyve had a few now- and conversations between Watson and hooks have crossed boundaries of age, race, class, nationality, profession, and that between academia and the public sphere. This kind of meeting and talking across boundaries, with respect for difference and an interest in learning from it, is crucial to the liberatory work of feminism. Of their newfound bond and shared commitment to feminism, hooks remarked, I feel like part of creating a world that is just and diverse is pushing against those boundaries that close us off from one another. Im glad that Im not closed off from you, and that were going to have more fun conversations in the days ahead. Anyone who fancies themselves a feminist, or a person committed to equality for all, can learn a lot from these two.

Education in the 1800s essays

Education in the 1800s essays Education had an emphasis on many different aspects during the time prior to the Civil War. There was a certain irony that set the mode of this time making things that were said irrelevant to the actions that were taken. The paradoxes of education in Pre civil war America, are evidenced in subject matter, gender, class and race, as well as purpose. American education developed from European intellectual traditions and institutions transplanted to the new world and modified by contact among different colonial groups and between new settlers and indigenous peoples. The English majority had the most influence on education. In New England, also including the 13 colonies, the English language, laws, and customs had become the complete basis in colonial educational practice. (Cremin313). Education for Americans had been a problem ever since its beginning. Many people agreed with James Madison that All people who mean to be their own governors must arm themselves with the power which knowledge gives. Many people felt that school was good and necessary, but were concerned about the cost. (Wright, Fowler 187). English Protestantism became the leading aspect for colonial education aspirations. Piety combined with devotion to vocation became the aim of education for the individual, and social perfectionism combined with an aggressive evangelism became the aim of education for the community. (Cremin 313-314). The necessity of being able to read the bible was one of the great motivations for schooling among protestant people. The key to salvation, Protestants believed, was to be found in the individuals reading of the scriptures, and in order to do this, everyone had to have enough knowledge to read the bible. (Wright 133-134) Family, above all, was the most important institution in both socialization and education. Families of the new world had a great organization in relationships in education and scriptural readings. Fathers ...

Budgettting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Budgettting - Assignment Example That is; the key members involved in the project did estimate the costs related to materials, equipments, utilities, and resources needed to perform the required to complete the Germantown tree planting activity. The cost estimates of this project was done basing on a vendor bid analysis, where the receptive bids from skilled and qualified vendors provided the baseline cost estimate for every particular component integrated with the budget. Nevertheless, these costs estimate will be refined during the course of the project to include any additional details as it becomes available. The direct costs include the costs that are related to the project. These costs include cost incurred while buying tree seedling, supplies such as fertilizers and planting shovels. These costs account to more than a half of the budget spending. Indirect costs include costs that enable successful completion of the project. For instance, the personnel will require utilities such as water during the event. The tree planting exercise will call upon the outsiders and they will be given refreshments hence adding to the cost of the project. The cost associated with the promotion and advertising will be indirect costs to the project. In the variable costs changes with the level of activity being undertaken, one of the variable costs is the cost of the personnel. The more personnel turn for the activity, the higher the costs that will be incurred during the event. Similarly, the more the costs of food will tend to be higher hence making the cost of the budget to be higher. In such a program, the theme touches on a global phenomenal: Climate change. If the organization applied for grants, the application has a higher chance of being successful. Some of the organization that provides likelihood for sponsoring the project includes, United Nations Environmental Program, World Forest Service, Food and Agriculture

Gender identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Gender identity - Essay Example According to Devor, in all social categories, gender is the most transparent. The acquisition of gender roles come early in life making it hard to relate them to lessons taught and learned. He states that gender has nothing to do with socialization but, everything to do with nature. He further suggests that our ideas of being male or female are socially related. He clearly states that gender identity is a lifelong process. A story of my body: By Judith Ortiz Cofer. Cofer believes that the body plays a major role in different cultures and contexts. She goes on to reflect on how different societies have interpreted her appearances. To an extent, the story of her life is intertwined in this story. Her story brings out interesting comments on cross-cultural perception and gender. The thesis of this paper is generalized as gender identity. It tries to establish what comprises and defines gender identity. The two authors mentioned above have different perceptions about gender identity but all come to social factors. For instance, according to Devor, gender is determined by the roles one plays while on the other hand, Cofer perceives gender identity to be determined by the cultural standards. All these converge to the society which means that gender is identified by interacting with the society. Devor on Gender identity and generalized and significant others The generalized others acts as a kind of measuring or monitoring device through which people in a society judge their actions in reference to the generalized conceptions on how society members are expected to carry out their actions. In that way, individuals monitor their behavior in reference to what the society considers to be right or wrong. Therefore, these people have standards that censor their behaviors which may be either approved or disapproved by the society. Hence, the tension gives rise to the definition of self (Devor, pp 6) Although all others do play a significant figure in people’s lives, an d not everyone is of equal effect on self-development. Any individual is entitled to be part and parcel of the generalized others, but some people, by the sense of time volume spent in interacting with someone, or through particular interactions, would be more vital in the shaping of individuals’ values. The significant others are more influential in the creation of an individual’s self-image, goals, and one’s ideals. In that way, they weigh disproportionately on an individual’s generalized other. Hence, the individualistic impulses of children are outlined into a form that is socially acceptable by specific people and general pressure to adaption exerted by society members. Gender identity is, therefore, a focal point in the development of self-sense (Devor, pp 6) Cofer on generalized and significant others In contrary to Devor’s opinion on generalized others and its effect on one’s gender identity, Cofer argues in a completely different wa y. Coffer perceives one’s identity to be influenced by various aspects the body by different communities. He argues that different communities in their cultures define gender identity differently. For instance, Coffer, while she was in America skin color, had a diverse opinion depending on where one was. The Italian (butcher) at the supermarket discriminated her as she was darker compared to them while on the other hand, the Latinos considered her to be colored.